MPEG has standardized a number of specifications extending the ISO base media file format: The MP4 file format (ISO/IEC 14496-14) defined some extensions over ISO base media file format to support MPEG-4 visual/audio codecs and various MPEG-4 Systems features such as object descriptors and scene descriptions. The MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) standard also defined storage of some audio compression formats. Storage of MPEG-1/2 Audio (MP3, MP2, MP1) in the ISO base media file format was defined in ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001/Amd 3:2005.[36] The Advanced Video Coding (AVC) file format (ISO/IEC 14496-15) defined support for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression.[37] The High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF) is an image container format using the ISO base media file format as the basis. While HEIF can be used with any image compression format, it specifically includes the support for HEVC intra-coded images and HEVC-coded image sequences taking advantage of inter-picture prediction.
The ISO/IEC base media file format supports streaming of media data over a network as well as local playback. A file that supports streaming includes information about the data units to stream (how to serve the elementary stream data in the file over streaming protocols). This information is placed in additional tracks of the file called "hint" tracks. Separate "hint" tracks for different protocols may be included within the same file. The media will play over all such protocols without making any additional copies or versions of the media data. Existing media can be easily made streamable for other specific protocols by the addition of appropriate hint tracks. The media data itself need not be reformatted in any way. The streams sent by the servers under the direction of the hint tracks, need contain no trace of file-specific information. When the presentation is played back locally (not streamed), the hint tracks may be ignored. Hint tracks may be created by an authoring tool or may be added to an existing file (presentation) by a hinting tool.[2] In media authored for progressive download, the moov box, which contains the index of frames, should precede the movie data mdat box.[59]
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1 In GIF and indexed color PNG encoding, lossy color quantization is applied while the color-quantized image is losslessly compressed. 2 PCM, µ-Law PCM and ADPCM encapsulated in RIFF WAV 3 Only for animations and tiling/overlaying 4 JPX is a box-structured format compatible with ISOBMFF. However, only the File Type box is common in JPX and ISOBMFF. 5 Encapsulation of JPEG-2000 and JPEG-XR have been specified for JPX container. Mappings for other codecs could be similarly specified. 6 JPX (ITU-T T.800 and T.801) specifies an own metadata schema, but is capable of carrying an XML formatted metadata, such as XMP. 7 JPX can contain media complying with ISOBMFF (or derivatives thereof). No accurate synchronization between JPX animations and other media. 8 TIFF as a container format facilitates extensions to other coding formats. 9 Only for animations, thumbnails, and alpha planes. Non-timed image collections not supported. 10 HEVC Main 4:4:4 16 Still Picture profile, Level 8.5, with additional constraints 11 Can be enabled through the MP extension 12 A palette index for fully transparency can be specified
Table VI. Roles of images. Role Description cover image A representative image of the image items and image sequence tracks of the file. The cover image should be displayed when no other information is available on the preference to display the image items of the file. The file can have only one cover image. thumbnail image A smaller-resolution representation of a master image. auxiliary image An image that complements a master image. For example, an alpha plane or a depth map. Can assist in displaying the master image but is not typically displayed as such. master image An image that is not a thumbnail image or an auxiliary image. Typically represents a full-resolution displayable image. hidden image An image that should never be displayed. Can be present in the file for example as an input image for a derived image. pre-derived coded image A coded image that has been derived from other images.For example, a high dynamic range image derived from an exposure-bracketed set of images. coded image A coded representation of an image. derived image An image that is represented in a file by an indicated operation to indicated input images and can be obtained by performing the indicated operation to the indicated input images.
Table IX. Roles of image sequence tracks. Role Description thumbnail image sequence A smaller-resolution representation of a master image sequence. T auxiliary image sequence An image sequence that complements a master image sequence. For example, a sequence of alpha plane or depth map images. Can assist in displaying the master image sequence but is not typically displayed as such. master image sequence An image sequence that is not a thumbnail image sequence or an auxiliary image sequence. Typically contains full-resolution displayable images.
The most important features that enable controlling the playback of an HEIF file are listed in Table X. Some of these features were introduced in the ISOBMFF or ISO/IEC 14496-15 and are explicitly inherited by HEIF, while other features were specifically designed for the HEIF standard.
Table X. Features controlling image sequence playback. Feature First appeared in Description non-displayable sample ISO/IEC 14496-15 Is never displayed, but can be used as a reference for predicting other images in the track. timed vs. non-timed playback HEIF In timed playback, the image sequence is played as video, whereas in non-timed playback the samples of the track are displayed by other means, such as an image gallery. Non-timed playback may be indicated e.g. when a track is used for achieving a better compression efficiency for an exposure stack. edit list ISOBMFF A list of ranges of the image sequence track in their playback order. Enables modifying the playback order and pace of samples. looping HEIF HEIF allows indicating edit list repetition e.g. for looping animations. The repetition can be indicated to last for a certain duration or be infinite. cropping and rotation ISOBMFF Rectangular cropping and rotation by 90, 180, 270 degrees can be specified.
The Multi-Image Application Format (MIAF) specification defines additional constraints and interoperability points to ensure higher interoperability, while fully conforming to the HEIF format. This is done by defining specific constraints, limiting the supported encoding types to a set of specific profiles and levels (see Table XI), requiring specific metadata formats, and defining a set of brands for signalling such constraints (see Table XII). This enables the industry to deploy particular uses of the HEIF specification.
By structuring the box-based ISO BMFF files in different ways, the same base specification can be used for files formany use cases: capture;exchange and download, including incremental download and play;local playback;editing and composition;streaming from streaming servers; and capturing streams to files.
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